在生態(tài)保護(hù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展深度交融的當(dāng)下，森林不僅是樹木的集合，更是蘊(yùn)含巨大生態(tài)價(jià)值的 “綠色銀行”。林業(yè)資產(chǎn)價(jià)格評(píng)估中，如何將森林調(diào)節(jié)氣候、涵養(yǎng)水源、凈化空氣等無形的生態(tài)價(jià)值轉(zhuǎn)化為可衡量的數(shù)字？從科學(xué)模型到實(shí)地調(diào)研，一套嚴(yán)密的量化方法正在揭開森林生態(tài)價(jià)值的神秘面紗。

　　In the current era of deep integration between ecological protection and economic development, forests are not only a collection of trees, but also a "green bank" that contains enormous ecological value. How to convert intangible ecological values such as climate regulation, water conservation, and air purification of forests into measurable numbers in the evaluation of forestry asset prices? From scientific models to field research, a rigorous quantitative method is uncovering the mystery of forest ecological value.

　　碳匯功能：用數(shù)字丈量 “綠色儲(chǔ)碳庫”

　　Carbon Sequestration Function: Digital Measurement of 'Green Carbon Storage'

　　森林作為陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的 “碳匯主力軍”，其固碳釋氧價(jià)值是生態(tài)價(jià)值量化的重要部分。量化方法主要基于碳稅法和造林成本法。碳稅法通過估算森林固定的二氧化碳量，參照碳排放交易市場(chǎng)價(jià)格或國(guó)家規(guī)定的碳稅標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，將固碳量轉(zhuǎn)化為經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。例如，通過測(cè)定森林單位面積的碳儲(chǔ)量增長(zhǎng)率，結(jié)合區(qū)域森林總面積，計(jì)算出每年的固碳總量，再乘以碳稅單價(jià)，就能得出森林固碳的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。造林成本法則從另一個(gè)角度出發(fā)，測(cè)算人工造林吸收同等二氧化碳所需的成本，以此評(píng)估森林自然固碳的價(jià)值。這種方法需要詳細(xì)統(tǒng)計(jì)苗木費(fèi)、整地費(fèi)、管護(hù)費(fèi)等造林全過程成本，通過對(duì)比得出森林碳匯功能的經(jīng)濟(jì)貢獻(xiàn)。

　　Forests, as the "main carbon sink" of terrestrial ecosystems, play an important role in quantifying their ecological value through carbon sequestration and oxygen release. The quantitative methods are mainly based on the carbon tax law and afforestation cost method. The carbon tax law estimates the amount of carbon dioxide fixed in forests and converts it into economic value by referring to carbon emission trading market prices or national carbon tax standards. For example, by measuring the growth rate of carbon storage per unit area of forest, combined with the total forest area in the region, the annual total carbon sequestration can be calculated, and then multiplied by the carbon tax unit price, the economic value of forest carbon sequestration can be obtained. The afforestation cost rule starts from another perspective, calculating the cost required for artificial afforestation to absorb the same amount of carbon dioxide, in order to evaluate the value of natural carbon sequestration in forests. This method requires detailed statistics of the entire afforestation process costs, such as nursery fees, land preparation fees, and management fees, to determine the economic contribution of forest carbon sequestration function through comparison.

　　水源涵養(yǎng)：解碼森林的 “綠色水庫” 效應(yīng)

　　Water Conservation: Decoding the 'Green Reservoir' Effect of Forests

　　森林涵養(yǎng)水源的價(jià)值量化涉及多個(gè)維度。首先是水量調(diào)節(jié)價(jià)值，通過研究森林對(duì)降水的截留、下滲和蒸騰作用，測(cè)算森林增加的地下水資源量，再結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)厮Y源的影子價(jià)格（即水資源稀缺情況下的替代成本），計(jì)算出這部分水資源的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。例如，在山區(qū)森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中，森林可減少地表徑流、增加地下蓄水，這些額外的水資源若用于農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉或城市供水，其產(chǎn)生的效益就是森林水量調(diào)節(jié)的價(jià)值體現(xiàn)。其次是水土保持價(jià)值，森林通過根系固土、枯枝落葉層攔蓄泥沙，減少了河流、水庫的淤積，降低了防洪、清淤成本。評(píng)估時(shí)，可通過監(jiān)測(cè)水土流失量的減少，換算成減少的河道疏浚費(fèi)用、水利設(shè)施維護(hù)費(fèi)用等，量化森林在水土保持方面的生態(tài)價(jià)值。

　　The quantification of the value of forest water conservation involves multiple dimensions. Firstly, there is the value of water regulation. By studying the interception, infiltration, and transpiration of precipitation by forests, the increase in groundwater resources by forests is calculated. Then, combined with the shadow price of local water resources (i.e. the substitution cost in the case of water scarcity), the economic value of this part of water resources is calculated. For example, in mountainous forest ecosystems, forests can reduce surface runoff and increase groundwater storage. If these additional water resources are used for agricultural irrigation or urban water supply, the benefits they generate are reflected in the value of forest water regulation. Secondly, there is the value of soil and water conservation. Forests stabilize soil through root systems and retain sediment through layers of dead branches and leaves, reducing sedimentation in rivers and reservoirs and lowering the cost of flood control and dredging. When evaluating, the ecological value of forests in soil and water conservation can be quantified by monitoring the reduction in soil erosion and converting it into reduced river dredging costs, water conservancy facility maintenance costs, etc.

　　生物多樣性：為 “生命樂園” 賦予經(jīng)濟(jì)意義

　　Biodiversity: endowing economic significance to the 'paradise of life'

　　森林是眾多野生動(dòng)植物的棲息地，維護(hù)生物多樣性的價(jià)值難以估量，但仍可通過一定方法量化。直接市場(chǎng)法適用于有明確市場(chǎng)交易的生物資源，如林下經(jīng)濟(jì)作物、藥用植物等，通過統(tǒng)計(jì)其產(chǎn)量和市場(chǎng)價(jià)格，計(jì)算出經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。而對(duì)于珍稀動(dòng)植物等非市場(chǎng)化資源，可采用條件價(jià)值法。該方法通過問卷調(diào)查，了解公眾為保護(hù)特定生物物種或生態(tài)系統(tǒng)愿意支付的金額，以此估算生物多樣性的價(jià)值。例如，針對(duì)某區(qū)域特有的瀕危鳥類棲息地，向當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窈陀慰桶l(fā)放問卷，詢問他們對(duì)保護(hù)這片棲息地的支付意愿，綜合分析問卷結(jié)果，得出該區(qū)域森林在維護(hù)生物多樣性方面的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。

　　Forests are habitats for numerous wild animals and plants, and the value of maintaining biodiversity is difficult to estimate, but it can still be quantified through certain methods. The direct market method is applicable to biological resources with clear market transactions, such as understory economic crops, medicinal plants, etc., and calculates their economic value by calculating their production and market prices. For non market resources such as rare animals and plants, the contingent valuation method can be used. This method estimates the value of biodiversity by conducting a questionnaire survey to understand the amount of money the public is willing to pay to protect specific biological species or ecosystems. For example, a questionnaire is distributed to local residents and tourists to inquire about their willingness to pay for the protection of endangered bird habitats unique to a certain region. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the questionnaire results, the economic value of forests in maintaining biodiversity in the region is determined.

　　景觀服務(wù)：量化森林的 “詩與遠(yuǎn)方”

　　Landscape Services: Quantifying the Poetry and Distances of Forests

　　隨著生態(tài)旅游的興起，森林的景觀服務(wù)價(jià)值日益凸顯。旅行費(fèi)用法是常用的量化手段，通過分析游客前往森林景區(qū)的交通費(fèi)用、門票支出、食宿花費(fèi)等，結(jié)合游客數(shù)量，測(cè)算出森林景觀服務(wù)帶來的直接經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。同時(shí)，還可運(yùn)用享樂價(jià)格法，研究周邊房產(chǎn)因臨近森林景區(qū)而增加的價(jià)值，間接反映森林景觀對(duì)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)的貢獻(xiàn)。例如，城市周邊森林覆蓋率高的區(qū)域，房?jī)r(jià)往往高于其他地區(qū)，這部分房?jī)r(jià)差值可視為森林景觀服務(wù)價(jià)值的一種體現(xiàn)。

　　With the rise of ecotourism, the landscape service value of forests is becoming increasingly prominent. The travel expense method is a commonly used quantitative tool that calculates the direct economic benefits of forest landscape services by analyzing the transportation costs, ticket expenses, accommodation expenses, etc. of tourists visiting forest scenic spots, combined with the number of tourists. Meanwhile, the hedonic pricing method can also be used to study the added value of surrounding properties due to their proximity to forest scenic areas, indirectly reflecting the contribution of forest landscapes to regional economy. For example, in areas with high forest coverage around cities, housing prices are often higher than in other regions, and this difference in housing prices can be seen as a reflection of the value of forest landscape services.

　　森林生態(tài)價(jià)值的量化打破了 “綠水青山” 與 “金山銀山” 之間的界限，讓無形的生態(tài)效益轉(zhuǎn)化為可感知、可交易的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。這些量化方法不僅為林業(yè)資產(chǎn)價(jià)格評(píng)估提供科學(xué)依據(jù)，更為生態(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制建立、綠色經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展決策點(diǎn)亮了指路明燈，讓守護(hù)森林的行動(dòng)真正 “有價(jià)可循”。

　　The quantification of forest ecological value breaks the boundary between "green mountains and clear waters" and "golden mountains and silver mountains", transforming intangible ecological benefits into tangible and tradable economic value. These quantitative methods not only provide scientific basis for the evaluation of forestry asset prices, but also light up the guiding light for the establishment of ecological compensation mechanisms and green economic development decisions, making forest conservation actions truly "valuable and traceable".

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